World Com Analysis - 1472 Words

There were several situations that lead the executives and managers of WorldCom to cook the books. Acquisition of other companies drove WorldCom to spend beyond their means; managers were told to spend whatever was necessary to increase revenue, even if it meant that long-term costs would outweigh the short-term gains. This fiscally unhealthy mentality led to a very bad decision to enter into long-term fixed rate leases for network capacity with extensive punitive termination provisions. Once the market for WorldCom s services started to cool down, the expense to revenue ratio started to increase Ââ€" as expenditures increased and revenue decreased, the percentage value would rise above the targeted 42% to a larger, more unfavorable†¦show more content†¦Arthur Anderson is also at fault for not detecting problems earlier. By switching its traditional auditing practices to analytical reviews and risk assessments, the auditors relied on the information from General Accounting as being valid and did not question its numbers. The more traditional audit would have been cumbersome due to the size of WorldCom, but would have indeed brought the fraud to light. In retrospect, there are not many processes or systems that could have been put in place to prevent or detect quickly the types of actions that occurred in WorldCom. Increased transparency between offices could have perhaps made a difference. Better Ââ€" or perhaps independently run Ââ€" accounting practices could have led to avoidance of the fraud. If managers and employees did not directly receive orders from executive directors, there would be less pressure to commit the fraud and perhaps report the indiscretions to an outside party. External auditors should have followed better guidelines and raised the risk rating and subsequent procedures. A system of checks and balances should be put into place to make sure that external audits are unbiased and not influenced by the auditor s profit margins. Bot h the external auditors and board of directors were blameworthy in this case. As mentioned above, Arthur Anderson s auditing system did not have the ability to detect the fraud as they relied on the information beingShow MoreRelatedMkt 571 Week 1 Mkt 571 Week 11245 Words   |  5 PagesMKT 571 MKT571 Complete Course Click below link for Answer or visit www.workbank247.com http://workbank247.com/q/mkt-571-week-1-to-week-6-complete-course-mkt571-co/10439 http://workbank247.com/q/mkt-571-week-1-to-week-6-complete-course-mkt571-co/10439 MKT 571 Week 1 Marketing Environment Simulation and Summary Complete  the Marketing Environment Simulation and Summary in MyMarketingLab. Save  your results report from the simulation to your computer. 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The Fall Of The House Of Usher - 743 Words

The story of â€Å"The fall of the house of Usher† is categorized as a tragic short story published under the name Edgar Allen Poe, and has proven over time to be a very illusive and vivid tale, as the extensively descriptive vocabulary eludes readers to entrance them into such a gloomy experience, of which the overtone of the story unpleasantly provides readers; as even then there is still no certain meaning from which a person may derive the actual circumstance of which the passage may bring unto them, while there are a multitude of different interpretations that are neither proved nor disproved, only ones sense of perception may provide them a viable understanding of which the passage may present them. Nonetheless the story no less significant or hazy, as it severely dwells on the emotions and thoughts of the narrator who has the apparent displeasure of experiencing the events that partake in this story, presenting such prolific portions of idea that can all but resist the urge to unease the individual who may unfortunately come across this particularly eerie piece of literature. The story begins with a small epigraph of a quote from a song written by an old French musician that reads: â€Å"Son coeur est un luth suspendu; Sitot qu’on le touchà © il ressone†. This roughly translates to: His/her heart is a poised flute, as soon as it is touched, it resounds†. 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These elements worked together to create suspense and kept the readers curious. The first fiction of element begins in the very first paragraph. The unknown narrator described the day as a â€Å"dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The setting while the narrator wasRead MoreThe Fall of the House of Usher1239 Words   |  5 PagesA young man ran away from a heap of ruins. He had witnessed the death of his best friend and his home but he ran away as it happened. At the moment, all was silent and not even a squeak could be heard. But if a house collapsed in the middle of a forest, and no one was around to hear it, did it make a sound? With such wonders, death, and darkness also come the work of Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe is known as a literature legend. He wrote many complicated horror and detective fiction stories, whichRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher856 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fall of the House of Usher and House Taken Over In Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and Julio Cortazar’ â€Å"House Taken Over† the short stories represent the genre of Gothic Literature. Gothic Literature is a genre that combines fiction, horror, death, and romance. Some of these traits are seen in both of these stories through characters and settings. However, there are other traits that set them apart. To begin with, one of the major themes in both of these stories is fear. InRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1285 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† has been noted as one of Edgar Allan Poe’s most famous short stories. The story begins when the narrator arrives at the house of his friend, Roderick Usher. Roderick is ill and has been living his life deeply reclusive. His sister Madeline suffers from a sensory disorder and is considered to be dead. The narrator attempts to comfort Roderick and alleviate his melancholy by reading a story that appears to foreshadow later events. In this story, Poe provides his audienceRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe second message of Poe s The Fall of the House of Usher is that moral disintegration should necessarily lead to destruction as a sort of mundane punishment. Usher blames himself for burying his sister before death so he expects punishment. One conclusion to be d rawn from the final scene is that Roderick dies of fear. Madeline appears in her coffin and rushes upon him and he falls to the floor a corpse. 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Roderick Usher and Madeline were that kind of person in this story; they were twins. There were sick; Roderick had mental disorder and physically and Madeline wa s physically sick. As the narrator enters the desolate house, he finds bothRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher2041 Words   |  9 Pagesfact that he makes a smooth transition from symbolism to allegory in his writings. Edgar Allan Poe uses a more gothic style of writing that gives his science fiction literature unique character. One of Poe’s more popular stories is â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in which he uses deep symbolism and imagery to tell the story. Although both short stories portray critical use of allegory and symbolism, it is based upon opinion as to which story is the more superior. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is more superiorRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher888 Words   |  4 Pages Edgar Allen Poe’s short story The Fall of the House of Usher was very captivating. Once I began reading the story I couldn’t put the book down till I was done. I believe the protagonist in the story was Roderick Usher. I always assumed a protagonist to be heroic in some way. Roderick Usher’s character, however, was not heroic. Usher was not only a hypochondriac, but he was a mentally and physically sick man. I have no doubt that a lot of his mental and physical maladies sprouted from years

Marketing Research Challenges in Indonesia- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theMarketing Research Challenges in Indonesia. Answer: Introduction Indonesia is one of the fast and promising developing countries in Asia. After the country experiencing the financial crisis in 1997, it has demonstrated a significant pace of the economic development; to become one of the world best leading countries (Rosser 2013). The growth of the economy is due to the realistic macro-economic and internal, and external factors. The country has 240 million citizens with an economy of $514 billion, which is one of the biggest in the south Asia (Rosser 2013). Both geopolitical and economic of the Indonesia is incredible. There was less exposing of the country to the sudden destocking that caused collapsing of the business back in 2008 (Chinn and Fairlie 2010). The primary export of the Indonesia is coals, gas and oil. The country has an exceptional organization and corporate level of operating business activities. The large population of Indonesia makes the domestic consumption to be high, which contributes to high market potential in local and international business. According to the research, the Indonesia economy is growing at 6% annually. The Indonesia GDP was $960 back in 2009 and $4000 billion currently (Rosser 2013). This papers will seeks to investigate marketing research challenges concerning the Indonesia market and come up with how to overcome the risk associated with problems. Marketing research challenges Primary data sources Primary data requires observations and recording directly from the respondents by observing them directly. The main data collections are very complicated and lengthy, and costly. Also, it comprises the constructions of the experiment, sampling process, survey techniques and questionnaire development (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). Primary research entails collecting and analyzing the new information by conducting a focus group and telephone interviews, and market study. Characterization of the primary data includes the high level of use because it solves the exact problems. One of the disadvantages of the primary is data is that; its cost of collecting in the foreign developing countries is high because of the inadequate marketing research infrastructure. Qualitative are structures such as survey and experiments (Bryman and Bell 2015). The qualitative study takes a form of observation or the focus groups. In contrast is that the responses are interfered by the culture of the country. The cross-cultural in the international marketing research needs proper examination of the attitudes and behaviors There is a significant difference between the national and international marketing research because of the big difference in the countrys economics, law, politics and culture (Papadopoulos and Martn Martn 2011). The accessibility and accuracy of the information will depend if the marketing research was successful or not. One of the biggest problems in collecting the data from Indonesia is that companies and persons will refuse to give feedback to the questions the research does ask. The Indonesia businesses are conservative in giving the information about the information relating to their companies (Papadopoulos and Martn Martn 2011). Additionally, it becomes tough to reach to other firms either directly for the market research surveys. Moreover, the informational collected in the Indonesia market might be a wrong, hence false conclusion on the studies. Finally, the business might think that the information marketing researcher gathering might affect their operation in one way or ano ther. One way to solve this is that researcher can ask questions directly to the suppliers or consumers as they come to the companies. Marketers should use the information from the Indonesia government experts, industry associations or the academic organizations (Okazaki and Taylor 2013). The primary researchers can depend on the experts from the Indonesia because of the important characters in the academic, government and industrial institutions. Secondary sources It involves processing the data from the previous researchers such as press articles or reports. Secondary data comprises the general data supplied to the enterprises by various data services like consumer buying behaviors, retail inventory or market share (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). As earlier mentioned, the difficulties arising from the law, politics and culture, may give the international research a tough time. The unavailability and unreliability of the secondary data may bring problems to the international companies using secondary information. However, the secondary sources are possible in the Indonesia share (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). Some of the information from inexperienced researchers might rely on consumers expectations and need. Therefore, the secondary data lacks trust in Indonesia due to the method of the collections and analyzing from the persons. Key challenges of conducting research are due to the divided markets and extreme environment in the parts of the Indonesia (Kitinoja et al. 2011). In the process of the collecting data, researchers might experience some certain mistakes in the course of collecting and analyzing, contributed to the lack of experience. The probability of the error increasing when it reaches the international researchers is high and therefore, chances of trusting the data collections in Indonesia is very minimal. Marketers can avoid the problems by practicing the following; researchers should do their research using their own experienced and skilled staff, and also getting the primary information is crucial (Okazaki and Taylor 2013). It is important to understand the Indonesia culture. Christian in Indonesia comprises 9%, 3% are Hindu, 2% Buddhist and most of the Indonesia Muslim are Sunni (Panagopoulos et al. 2011). Indonesia contains around 300 ethnic groups with cultural practices over the centuries. Arabic, European, Chinese and Indian influences the culture (Jafari, Othman and Nor 2012). Conducting a market research in an international surrounding entails concentrating on the learning and obtaining new things. In the marketing perspectives, it includes having a vast knowledge of the natives culture. National culture includes languages social role, educations, social institutions and religion (Abduh and Azmi Omar 2012). Target market knowledge is essential for the conducting and analyzing the market research. Skills such as technology and education are also vital when operating research internationally. Therefore, native will be very reliable and can collect the right data and information. Similarly, the natives are well conversant with Indonesia culture and preferences. In Indonesia government, all the industries collect their secondary data and therefore, the likelihood of getting correct and reliable information is high (Suryahadi, Hadiwidjaja and Sumarto 2012). So, the secondary data can give valuable information even though it is not always right. Research Cost There is a likelihood of the research ignoring the aspect of the finance when doing research planning. The errors can arise due to the limited activity contributed by the financial constraints. Sometimes researchers are forced to terminate the research process due to the lack of the finances. The process of the collecting and analyzing the primary and secondary data in international research is costly compared to the national marketing research (Zikmund et al. 2013). Also, the cost the company incurs in the process of the research affects the company profit. Corruption, higher travel cost, high inflations, currency fluctuations in the Indonesia market can lead to a huge cost (Terpstra, Foley and Sarathy 2012). Therefore, in case of the Indonesia currency fluctuating, it affects the travel and staff cost, and more so, the research cost will increase. The research should avert the influence of the currency fluctuation and research well on the Indonesia currency fluctuation. Political and legal environment The political and legal environment of the country affects the marketing research activities of the international firms. The businesses should be aware of the sanctions which distort free international market research and business operations. The firms should know the laws of the state and control their business activity. For instance, the Indonesia limits importation of the United States relating to entertainment to protect their cultural activities (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). In addition, there are regulations such as grants that encourage the international business to invest in the countries of operation. The international marketers should observe global political and legal system so that they can plan marketing approach correctly. Ethical issues Corruptions, moral obligations, human rights, employment practices contribute to ethical problems in the Indonesia. Misunderstanding will arise due to the vast changes in the management approach in the Indonesia (He and Wei 2011). . Even though recent studies show low violation of human rights in Indonesia, it is of an essence to seek the auditor when researching. The formalization of the Indonesia environmental is still on course, and thus it poses challenges in the international marketer to follows the policies. Despite the changes in the structure of the government, it has been unable to curb the issues of the corruption in Indonesia (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). Therefore, the factors of the corruption have made international marketers to be reluctant towards Indonesia, in spite of country being a business hub. Infrastructure and telecommunication There has been tremendous growth in mobile industries across Asia-pacific area with an increase of 60% annually (He and Wei 2011). Hence, the Indonesia citizen is having access to the phone, but previous, they would not have proper access to the telecommunication services. Due to the drastic growth of trucks, cars and motorcycles in Indonesia, it makes the infrastructure in the area very inadequate (Rosser 2013). Therefore, for the proper market research for international business, the government should improve and increase the telecommunication services and infrastructure. The main aim of the Marketing research is to improve the marketing decisions; by setting the decision-making plan. Accurate and efficient data information enables excellent decision making (He and Wei 2011). Organization and individuals should handle the needs of the consumers that comprise the market and the situations they meet themselves in. Reliable data are relevant in the competitive markets where the decision implementation requires major monetary resources (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013). The advantage of the market research is to avert the risk and to know the demand of the markets and to reduce the chances of developing wrong good and services. Recommendation Indonesia is a pretty place for the international trade but has a lot of threats. Hence, the international organization should take a proactive approach while considering the market research and investment opportunities. Vibrant tourism, reinforced banking sectors, diversity of natural possessions, political strength and high competition contributed to the low labor costs is strengths that assist in the decision making for the internal marketers. In contrast, the following weaknesses should be taken into account when articulating actual risk management; lack of transparency and high level of corruption in Indonesia, lack of infrastructure, low investment rate, high level of poverty and unemployment due to the inter-ethnic pressures, and limited banking sector. Conclusion Apparently, the issues of the various challenges from the international marketing research are developing. Due to the globalizations, emerging markets are taking a significant role in international marketing research and trade. In Indonesia, there are three significant challenges in the marketing research; inadequate primary and secondary data, and higher marketing research cost. A company operating global may experience numerous difficulties in the process of marketing research in Indonesia. First, one of the intricate designs is the multicultural environment. Secondly, the cost of the collecting and analyzing primary and secondary data in the foreign countries is one of the hitches. The essay offers an outstanding overview of the viability and risk involved in the conducting research and investing in the Indonesia. Several challenges such as uncertain legal structure, lack of infrastructure and corruption pose numerous difficulties for the international marketers. References Abduh, M. and Azmi Omar, M. (2012). Islamic banking and economic growth: the Indonesian experience.International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management,5(1), pp.35-47. Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Chinn, M.D. and Fairlie, R.W. (2010). ICT use in the developing world: an analysis of differences in computer and internet penetration.Review of International Economics,18(1), pp.153-167. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. He, X. and Wei, Y. (2011). Linking market orientation to international market selection and international performance.International Business Review,20(5), pp.535-546. Jafari, Y., Othman, J. and Nor, A.H.S.M. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and environmental pollutants in Indonesia.Journal of Policy Modeling,34(6), pp.879-889. Kitinoja, L., Saran, S., Roy, S.K. and Kader, A.A. (2011). Postharvest technology for developing countries: challenges and opportunities in research, outreach and advocacy.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,91(4), pp.597-603. Lu, L.C. and Lu, C.J. (2010). Moral philosophy, materialism, and consumer ethics: An exploratory study in Indonesia.Journal of Business Ethics,94(2), pp.193-210. Okazaki, S. and Taylor, C.R. (2013). Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions.International marketing review,30(1), pp.56-71. Panagopoulos, N.G., Lee, N., Pullins, E.B., Avlonitis, G.J., Brassier, P., Guenzi, P., Humenberger, A., Kwiatek, P., Loe, T.W., Oksanen-Ylikoski, E. and Peterson, R.M. (2011). Internationalizing sales research: Current status, opportunities, and challenges.Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management,31(3), pp.219-242. Papadopoulos, N. and Martn Martn, O. (2011). International market selection and segmentation: perspectives and challenges.International Marketing Review,28(2), pp.132-149. Rosser, A. (2013).The politics of economic liberalization in Indonesia: state, market and power. Routledge. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Suryahadi, A., Hadiwidjaja, G. and Sumarto, S. (2012). Economic growth and poverty reduction in Indonesia before and after the Asian financial crisis.Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies,48(2), pp.209-227. Terpstra, V., Foley, J. and Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M. (2013).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

recruting globally Essays - Human Resource Management, Sourcing

Challenges of Recruiting and Staffing Globally The concept of organizations that operate and do business internationally is not a new one. We are truly becoming an international economy. Technological and communications advances in the last fifty years have had a profound effect on the way consumers act and companies operate. In the past, consumers, businesses and their employees primarily lived and made business decisions on either a local or regional basis. Today and into the future, the world will have fewer and fewer boundaries to constrain businesses, cultures, or consumer demands. (Morgan). Because of this growth and increased global competition, companies have had to fundamentally change the way they conduct business. If these changes have made businesses evolve, it is not surprising that these advancements in organizations have also affected how companies manage their human resource departments. (Morgan).When a company expands globally; HR managers are generally responsible for ensuring that operations are staffed. First, the company can send people from their home country. These employees are often referred to as expatriates or home country nationals. Second, it can hire host country nationals, natives of the host country. Third, it can hire third-country nationals, natives of a country other than the host country (Bohlander and Snell 664). Mangan 2 A worldwide company also has the option of global recruitment. HR departments must be particularly responsive to the cultural, political, and legal environments both domestically and abroad when recruiting internationally. Companies need to be aware of codes of conduct throughout the world (Bohlander and Snell 666). Selection practices vary. In the United States, managers tend to emphasize merit, with the best qualified person getting the job. In other countries, however, firms tend to hire on the basis of family ties, social status, language and common origin. Much of this is changing. There has been a realization that hiring those most qualified for a position is more beneficial (Bohlander and Snell 668). Recruiting and staffing globally can be quite different than recruiting onshore. There are cultural barriers to overcome. Businesses that operate any portion of business with international dealings must truly get to know the area and market they are operating in. In a global company, it is important to understand that each culture has its own unique identity. It is important to be sensitive to the needs of employees and acquaint ourselves with their values (Morgan). Attracting and retaining top talent has become a fundamental key to remaining or being a competitive business. How, then, can organizations recruit global talent? They could, and often do, compete for scarce talent that is available nationally, regionally, or locally. But that may not be the most efficient or effective option. Looking globally to find employees can be a great alternative to competing with other organizations for the same people (Vashistha). There are four steps necessary to accomplish recruiting competent, experienced, and highly educated employees: Mangan 3 1) Identify Talent Needs. Before going on a global talent search, it is important that the client identify the particular skills and capabilities it needs (Vashistha). 2) Assess Sourcing Options. Once talent needs are identified, the organization can ask the right questions about sourcing options. Assessing the options with regard to the organization's needs and goals is very important. The organization should specifically consider each location's competency in the area in which talent is needed (Vashistha). 3) Devise a Proactive Talent Strategy. In today's talent-short environment a proactive strategy is essential. Competitors are actively recruiting as well. It wouldn't be wise to wait for an answer to a want ad! One key to recruiting successfully in the global market is to be aware of what your competition is looking for. To develop a talent strategy, try multiple sourcing channels. Consider hiring a recruitment process outsourcing firm. Qualified and talented job candidates can afford to be selective about the organizations they work for, as well as more demanding. Many talented employees highly value learning and development opportunities. So an organization should commit to development of good training programs (Vashistha). The Development of an information data base of candidates which might include availability, languages, country preferences, and skills would be helpful in the selection process (Bohlander and Snell 672). Apart from developing talent for overseas assignments, mo st companies have found that

Survival Lottery Essay Example For Students

Survival Lottery Essay In his article The Survival Lottery, Harris suggests a situationwhere a possible course of action would be to kill a healthy person and use hisorgans for transplantation, thereby saving several lives at the cost of one. However the argument Harris presents, which he claims to be rational, doesintuitively raise a certain moral repugnance. The issues addressed such aswhether letting die is equivalent to killing, or is killing the innocent everjustified, are controversial in themselves and Harriss views have beenroundly criticised. This Essay will examine the main issues raised by thesurvival lottery and attempt to prove Harriss claim that it would be arational thing to do is in fact wrong. I will not do this by appealing to someobjective moral standard, such as we have a duty to never kill the innocent, asthis will inevitably lead to deadlock and lower the debate to a matter of yourown personal opinion. Instead I will argue that a Reductio ad Absurdum can belevelled against Harriss argument because of the untenable consequences itwould lead to. By revealing the weakness of the argument for the lottery we canshow why it shouldnt take place without being drawn into a conflict betweenconsequentialist and objectivist based ethical theories Harriss argument isbased on the maximising lives theory, as he believes there is valuein numbers and that two lives are twice as valuable as one. From this premise hegives the example in the survival lottery of two patients Mr. Y and Mr. Z whoare certain to die unless they get organ transplants, but no spare organs are tobe found. They both suggest that a healthy person, (Mr. A) be seized, killedpainlessly and his organs be used for the transplantation. They argue that thisis the rational and morally correct thing to do, for to not do so would besacrificing two lives to save one. It is the right course of action since itmaximises the number of lives saved albeit at the cost of a healthy and innocentperson. To combat the fear, worry and possible abuse by doctors of who should beseized and disorganised Mr. Y and Z suggest a lottery as a fair wayof determining who should be the donor. Mr Y and Z do have a strong case, theycan argue that they are just as innocent as Mr A, as its not their fault theyneed organ transplants. For the doctors to refuse to treat them is in effectdiscriminating against sick people. When we try to point out to them thatdoctors have a duty not to kill anyone, Mr Y and Z could claim that this isbegging the question as the doctors through there inaction will be killing bothof them. Perhaps this is where we can attack Harris, he equates killing withletting die for as a consequentialist it does not matter to him how the deathscome about, merely the fact that they have occurred is whats important. We will write a custom essay on Survival Lottery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However we could argue that by killing Mr. A we will have performed an ACTION,it will have been a man made death. On the other hand if we kill Mr. Y and Z we will have let nature take its course, no act has been done by anagent and can we be held responsible for things we dont do ? We could use theexample of starving children in Africa, if we dont always send aid to themare we responsible for killing them ? However this does not settle the question,we have merely provided an alternative viewpoint and on what basis can we saythis is more morally correct than Harriss view ? Maclean tries to side stepthis deadlock by arguing that the killing of Mr A is not moral question at all,in fact its morally impossible. Harris assumes that the organs forMr. Y and Z are available albeit at the death of an innocent person. Macleanstates that although the organs are physically available, they are not morallyavailable and if this is the case there should be no question of killing Mr A. .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 , .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .postImageUrl , .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 , .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242:hover , .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242:visited , .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242:active { border:0!important; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242:active , .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242 .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35187fa9c9c2f8f3800fcd01d5994242:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bill of rights EssayBy denying the availability of organs we can then say the doctors have no courseof action to take, Mr Y and Z cannot be saved and the question of whetherletting them die is tantamount to killing them does not even arise. However Idont believe this has resolved the conflict as it has simply provided anotherview of the value of human life. Maclean accuses Harris of operating ametaphysical notion of value whereon lives are rated as more or lessvaluable on some supposedly objective scale of values independently of whovalues them. This has the effect of degrading human beings to nothing morethan expendable units of organs and no longer seen as individuals. Harris of course would disagree saying his view, since it maximises the numberof human lives, it places more value on life. Both views can be rationallyjustified and the deadlock remains, the question is on what basis can we ruleone view to be moral the other immoral? I dont believe we can, but what wecan do is try to show that the rationality behind the argument for one of theviews is fallacious and if this is the case we can then reject that view. Thenext part of my Essay will reveal how Harriss case can be successfullyattacked and shown to have absurd consequences without having to appeal to somemetaphysical notion of the value of life, or an axiom such as the sanctity ofhuman life, thus breaking the deadlock doing so creates. To establish ourReductio ad Absurdum lets examine the premises Mr. Y and Zs argument relieson. Firstly they state that all three people in this situation, themselves andMr. A are all innocent. This is important as it removes any other considerationon who sho uld be killed other than the basis of numbers, so for the moment weare accepting the maximising principle so that we can show the absurdity itleads to. Mr Y and Z then in effect point a finger at Mr A andaccuse him of living at the cost of 2 lives. This is their reason for killinghim, the force from which they rationalise their course of action. But theabsurdity follows form this, Mr. Y and Z have no basis on which to pointthe finger at Mr A and level a 2 lives against 1 argument against him. Mr. A has every right to refute this by pointing the finger back at either Mr. Y orZ and saying you have no right to single me out, for I accept that if youkill me then 2 people will live, but if I where to kill either of you then 2people will also live. Myself for I will not have to be killed, and whicheverone of you I dont kill, cause we could use the others organs to save him. Since you claim we are all innocent, and your only argument against me is thatkilling me will save 2 lives, I have shown that you cant use this argumentagainst anyone without them reversing it back upon you. Thus Mr Y andZs argument is defeated their premise that killing 1 person to save 2 stillstands, but they cannot use it against a third party such as Mr A. Another formof this argument can take is that if we accept Mr Y and Zs premise that themore lives we save the better, then it would make sense for Mr A to kill aperson. For in doing so he would be saving 3 lives, his own and Mr Y and Zs. But just say this person before being killed by Mr A, said hold on aminute, lets kill this guy here, this way we will save 4 peoples lives, mine,yours Mr Y and Mr. Zs. This establishes a regress with each person whosabout to be killed using the same argument, and its difficult to see how toescape from it. In conclusion from these attacks we can proclaim the argumentfor the survival lottery as presented by Harris is fallacious and in theoryleads to absurdity. I have chosen not to mention the practical difficulties ofthe survival lottery such as which groups if any should be excluded from thedraw, as I have not needed to. .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f , .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .postImageUrl , .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f , .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f:hover , .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f:visited , .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f:active { border:0!important; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f:active , .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10b4480ae416f2e1fe25614b5903e91f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Forensic Science: Proper Crime Scene Techniques. EssayBibliographyHarris, John The Survival lottery from Applied Ethics ed. PSinger (Oxford 1986) Maclean, Anne The elimination of Morality (London 1993 ) McKnight Chris J. The Survival of the Survival Lotteryin Journal of Applied Ethics Vol. 13 No.1 1996Philosophy

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FORMULA Ratio with formula (Profitability of Company) IJM Corporation Berhad Gamuda Berhad Gross Profit markup (%) = ÃÆ'- 100 = 31.16% Gross profit = Sales Cost of the good RM2455143000 RM2032167000 = RM422976000 Cost of the good sales = RM1580125000 + RM363348000 + RM8595000 + RM19973000 + RM19260000 + RM40866000 = RM2032167000 ÃÆ'- 100 = 20.81% Gross profit margin (%) = ÃÆ'- 100 = 23.76% Net sales value = Sales Return inward RM2455143000 0 =RM 2455143000 ÃÆ'- 100 = 17.23% Operating profit margin on sales (%) = ÃÆ'-100 = 18.65% ÃÆ'- 100 = 10.58% Profit margin on sales (%) = ÃÆ'-100 = 8.29% ÃÆ'- 100 = 11.43% Basic earning power(BEP)= ÃÆ'- 100 Total assets = RM6959529000 + RM5598766000 = RM12558295000 = 5.96% Total assets = RM2347737000+RM4203173000 = RM6550910000 ÃÆ'- 100 = 3.97% Return on Total assets= ÃÆ'- 100 Total assets = RM6959529000 + RM5598766000 = RM12558295000 = 2.65% Total assets = RM2347737000+RM4203173000 = RM6550910000 ÃÆ'- 100 = 4.28% Return on common equity= ÃÆ'-100 = 6.48% ÃÆ'- 100 = 8.62% Ratio with Formula (Liquidity of Company) IJM Corporation Berhad Gamuda Berhad Current Ratio= = 2.09:1 = 2.18 : 1 Acid-test ratio= Liquid asset = Current asset -inventory RM5598760000 -RM 529320000 = RM5069446000 = 1.89:1 Liquid asset = Current asset-inventory RM4203173000 RM79738000 = 4123435000 RM4123435000 RM1930241000 = 2.14 : 1 Ratio with Formula ( Assets Management of Company) IJM Corporation Berhad Gamuda Berhad Inventory Turnover = or = 5.78 times = 25.49 times Total Assets Turnover= = 0.32 times = 0.37 times Debtor Ratio= = 0.54 : 1 = 0.65 : 1 Days sales outstanding= 0.54365days = 197.1days 0.65365days = 237.25days Ratio with Formula (Debts management of company) IJM Corporation Berhad Gamuda Berhad Debts ratio= Total Debts = Long time liabilities + current Liabilities = RM3303461000 +RM112250000 = RM3415711000 Total assets = Fix asset + Current asset RM3415711000 + RM2685225000 = RM6100936000 = 0.49 : 1 Total Debts = Long time liabilities + current Liabilities = RM1312946000 + RM1930241000 = RM3243187000 Total assets = Fix asset + Current asset RM2347737000 + RM4203173000 = RM6550910000 = 0.50 : 1 Debts equity ratio= = 1.19 : 1 = 1:1 Times interest earned or Interest cover= = 3.72 times = 5.93 times Ratio with Formula (Market value of investment to stockholder of company) IJM Corporation Berhad Gamuda Berhad Earnings per share= = = RM0.25 = RM0.14 Price earnings ratio= OR = 19.2 times = 22.86 times Earnings yield= = 100 / 75 X RM 0.25 RM0.48 = 6.94% = 5.83% Market price per book value ratio= = = = 1.24 : 1 = = 1.99 : 1 The Ratio Comparison between two companies for business performance measurement under each of the bold headings Profitability of the two companies: Gross profit markup and gross profit margin for the (Gamuda Berhad) is lower than (IJM Corporation Berhad) because the ineffective and inefficient in purchasing from supplier causing higher purchase cost, ineffective use of material and labor causing higher production cost to reduce gross profit earning. For operating profit margin on sales, (Gamuda Berhad) have a lower profit earned by company from the sales made for the ineffective control on expenditures and interest cost, incurring higher operating expenses and higher interest costs to reduce the profit earning but profit margin on sales, (Gamuda Berhad) have higher profit earned by company from the sales that is made for the effective control on its expenditures and interest costs, incurring lower operating expenses and lower interest costs to increase the profit earning than the second company. Liquidity of the two companies: The current ratio is first company is higher than second company because first company has larger amount of current assets can be used to finance its current liabilities and that will indicates the company is financially stable and able to finance its short-term liabilities. For acid-test ratio, first company is also higher than the second company is because that the first company has a larger amount of liquid assets that can be used to finance its current liabilities and the company has high liquidity to finance its short-term liabilities and financially stable. Asset Management of the two companies: The inventory turnover for the first company is higher than the second company because the first company has a fast stock turnover where the goods purchased and kept in the store are fast taken out for resale so that the stock is not accumulated and money is not tied up with the stock. For total assets turnover, the first company is also higher than the second company because first company has a higher sales generated from the assets for the effective use of assets in business activities to increase the production. Other than that, the debtor ratio and DSO, the first company is higher than the second company because the company has given longer credit time to allow debtors owing and causing longer time taken by the company to collect money slowly from debtors so that larger debtor balance is collected to tie up money and bringing it to shortage of money for paying back liabilities and facing short-term financial problem. Debts Management of the two companies: The debts ratio for the first company is higher than the second company because the first company has a heavy debts burden with larger amount of debts and bearing high interest cost. Company with heavy debts burden is risky for not able to finance or not able to pay back its debts or maybe it is being forced to dispose or to sell its assets for paying back the debts. But for debts equity ratio, the first company is lower than the second company because the second company has a light debts burden with smaller amount of debts and bearing low interest. And the times interest earned for the first company is higher than the second company because it has a bearing high interest charges in relation to its available profit. Market value of investment to stockholders: Earnings per share and earnings yield for the first company is lower than the second company, this indicates that the company has lower growth in business profit and resulting lower net income available to each unit share and being less attractive and lower value to the common stockholders. Due to lower earnings per share, stockholders or shareholders have to use more times of profit earning and more times of net cash inflow and longer period to recover back their share investment. This shows the confirmation by the price earnings ratio for the first company is being higher than the second company. Market price per book value for the first company is higher than the second company, this indicates that the company share price has inequitably risen up above its real asset value or book value and being not realistic to stockholders. Conclusion In my conclusion, the first company Gamuda Berhads performance is better than the IJM corporation Berhad, and this indicated (Gamuda Berhad) has better performance, because first company has a higher rate in the 5 aspect of business that measured by accounting ratio. In information problems, the base information is out of date and analysis of accounting information, and they will only identify symptoms but not the causes and this will make the company to have information problems. For inter-firm problems, every companies have to select their industry norms and the usefulness of norms based on the averages and different company have different business and financial problems and the impact on analysis. so in this matter they have theur own way to solve their problems. QUESTION 2 Identify and discuss three different ways for transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market. ANSWER QUESTION 2 INTRODUCTION Financial market means it is a organization and people who be found to borrow money from those having some valuable metals to be exchanged at efficient by market price and also they refer to the stock market, wall street, even markets. In this field there are many different kind of financial market each market use different kind of matted, terms, types of parts of country and customer and the asset banking. By the ending from the any type of this helps them in business grown big and investors make money and give them a lot of profit. At the same time the trading of the stock and bonds that they get in financial market take place direct between buys and sellers and also financial market can be a good relationship by domestic or international business level in communication. There are many various of types in financial market that is physical asset markets to deal with the tangible, real and physical products such as computer, machinery, real estate and other assets the financial market deal with different types of instruments such as stocks or shares, bonds, notes, mortgagees and other claims or real assets with derivative securities whose values derived from changes in the price of other assets. Spot market refer to deals being bought or sold for on the delivery within a few days where future market refers future market deals bought or sold future delivery at some future date such six months or a year in to the future. There are some major financial markets like money markets who deals asset in short term and highly liquid debt securities in borrowing and lending with original maturities in a short periods between less than one year for example it involves like certificate of deposit, federal funds and asset-backed securities. Capital markets is who deals for securities where companies and governments can intermediate or long-term debts in a periods of one year or more than one years and also it include stock market. Montage market is a market who deals with loans on residential, commercial, industrial real estate and farmland and the federal government has confirmed that a major economic role in the mortgage loan market because real estate development is a major sector of the U.S. Economy. Consumer credit market is markets that deals with loans and autos and appliances, as well as loans for education and vacations and provide good services. Primary markets is an market which is corporations raise capital by issuing new securities or new shares like governments or public sector institutions can obtain funding the sale of a new market issue. A secondary market which is the existing and already outstanding securities or financial assets are traded among investors after they have been issued by the corporations and also called as aftermarket where have been issued securities and instruments such are bought and sold. Initial public offering (IOP) market that is firm by offering securities to the public for the first time and often often issued by smaller, younger companies seeking to expand, but can also be done by large private companies looking to become publicly traded. Private market is all about transactions that worked privately and directly between two parties without going to public by independently and also they called breakup value market. There are three different ways of transferring capital or funds from savers to borrowers in financial markets and they are following picture: TRANSFER OF CAPITAL OR FUND BETWEEN SAVERS ( MONEY LENDRE ) AND THOSE WHO NEED CAPITAL OR FUND ( BORROWERS ) 1. Direct transfer from savers to borrowers: When a corporation take place in issues and sells stocks or bonds strata way to saver without giving any financial institution so the corporation as borrower will delivers securities to savers who in turn give money to the corporation and the capital directly transfersed from savers to corporation (borrower). Business Corporation Issue corporations securities to Savers (Borrower) Receive capital or funds from (Money lender) 2. Indirect transfer from savers to borrowers though investment banking house: Investment bank is a unwritten the issues of corporations securities as a middlemen to the facilitate the issues by purchase and then resell the same corporation so that the money paid by savers for purchase. The investment bank receive money merely pass thought banking house. Issue corporations Resell corporations Securities to securities to Business Investment Savers Corporation Banking (money (Borrower) House Lender) Receive fund from Receive fund from 3. Indirect intermediately such as a bank or mutual funds from saver by issuing securities or certificate of deposit to savers. Than it used the fund collected to purchase and hold the securities as investment and the funds transferred from saver intermediary when pay money to financially exchange for receiving certificate of deposit . future than that this fund to other corporation paying money out of fun because they are safer and more liquid them mortgage and loans. Issue Corporations Issue intermediarys Securities to Securities to Business Financial Savers Corporation (Money (borrower) Intermediary Lender) Receive fund from Receive fund from Investment Banking House Can be say that organization that underwrites and distributes the upcoming new issue of latest business corporations securities to assist corporation that is fund for financial. For example, a businessperson who produces shoes may purchase a machine that automatically stitches leather that hopes in the time saved will allow for the production of more shoes and increased sales or another example investment banking house are Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley Dean Witter. Financial Intermediaries There are some specialized in financial firm that transfer of funds from savers to be demanders of capital or event borrower. The financial intermediaries generally huge and they gain in economies of scale in analyzing the creditworthiness of potential borrower, in processing and collecting loans, and in pooling risk and for the helping individual savers to diversity their funds investments. Following are major financial intermediaries Commercial bank is a financial intermediary which collects credit from lenders in the form of deposits and lends in the form of loans holds deposits for individuals and businesses in the form of checking and savings accounts and certificates of deposit of varying maturities while a issues loans in the form of personal and business loans as well as mortgages and also they handled checking accounts and thought which is Federal Reserve System expended or contracted the money supply. They also provides an ever-widening service, stock brokerage service and insurance and they are different from investment bank they lend out money to borrows and investment banks assist business corporation to raise capital or fund from savers. Saving and loan association is a specializes in accepting savings deposits and making mortgage and other loan like collect funds from many small savers and lend out the money to house buyers and other kind of borrowers and it more significant economic function of the saving and loan association to create liquidity in capital markets. Mutual saving funds is a savings that has no stockholders and reinvests all profits in itself and the savings banks are owned their depositors and borrowers because there are no stockholders to please, mutual savings banks are often very conservative with how they invest deposits. Credit unions is a non-profit financial institution that owned and operated entirely by members and also it provide financial services for their members, including savings and lending. In large organizations and companies may organize credit unions for their members and employees, respectively. They are often the chepast source of funds available to individual to borrowers. Pension funds is a retirement plans funded by corporation or government agencies for their workers and administered by trust departments of commercial banks or by life insurance companies. It also a funds invest primarily in bonds, stocks, mortgages and real estate. Life insurance companies is a collect saving that form or annual premiums and invest in stocks, bonds, real estate and montage, finally make payments to the beneficiaries of the insured parties. It also have many kind of tax deferred saving plans to provide benefits to the participants when they retire. Mutual funds collect money from savers and use to buy stocks, long-term bonds and short-term debt instruments that issued by government or business units and thus reduce risk by investment diversification, achieve economies of scale in analyzing securities, managing portfolios, buy and selling securities. They also designed to meet objective in different types of savers and they used as interest bearing checking account such as money market funds.

Analysis Of Crito :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Analysis of Crito   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question is raised within the dialogue between Socrates and Crito concerning civil disobedience. Crito has the desire, the means, and many compelling reasons with which he tries to convince the condemned to acquiesce in the plan to avoid his imminent death. Though Crito's temptation is imposing, it is in accord with reason and fidelity that Socrates chooses to fulfill his obligation to the state, even to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before addressing Crito's claims which exhort Socrates to leave the state and avoid immanent death, the condemned lays a solid foundation upon which he asserts his obligation to abide by the laws. The foundation is composed of public opinion, doing wrong, and fulfillment of one's obligations. Addressing public opinion, Socrates boldly asserts that it is more important to follow the advice of the wise and live well than to abide by the indiscriminate and capricious public opinion and live poorly. Even when it is the public who may put one to death, their favor need not be sought, for it is better to live well than to submit to their opinion and live poorly. Next, wrongful doing is dispatched of. They both consent to the idea that, under no circumstances, may one do a wrong, even in retaliation, nor may one do an injury; doing the latter is the same as wrong doing. The last foundation to be questioned is the fulfillment of one's obligations. Both of the philosophers affirm that, provided that the conditions one consents to are legitimate, one is compelled to fulfill those covenants. These each are founded upon right reasoning and do provide a justifiable foundation to discredit any design of dissent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At line fifty, Socrates executes these foundations to destroy and make untenable the petition that he may rightfully dissent: Then consider the logical consequence. If we leave this place without first persuading the state to let us go, are we or are we not doing an injury, and doing it in a quarter where it is least justifiable? Are we or are we not abiding by our just agreements?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To criticize or reproach Socrates' decision to accept his punishment is unjustifiable in most of the arguments. Analysis Of Crito :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays Analysis of Crito   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question is raised within the dialogue between Socrates and Crito concerning civil disobedience. Crito has the desire, the means, and many compelling reasons with which he tries to convince the condemned to acquiesce in the plan to avoid his imminent death. Though Crito's temptation is imposing, it is in accord with reason and fidelity that Socrates chooses to fulfill his obligation to the state, even to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before addressing Crito's claims which exhort Socrates to leave the state and avoid immanent death, the condemned lays a solid foundation upon which he asserts his obligation to abide by the laws. The foundation is composed of public opinion, doing wrong, and fulfillment of one's obligations. Addressing public opinion, Socrates boldly asserts that it is more important to follow the advice of the wise and live well than to abide by the indiscriminate and capricious public opinion and live poorly. Even when it is the public who may put one to death, their favor need not be sought, for it is better to live well than to submit to their opinion and live poorly. Next, wrongful doing is dispatched of. They both consent to the idea that, under no circumstances, may one do a wrong, even in retaliation, nor may one do an injury; doing the latter is the same as wrong doing. The last foundation to be questioned is the fulfillment of one's obligations. Both of the philosophers affirm that, provided that the conditions one consents to are legitimate, one is compelled to fulfill those covenants. These each are founded upon right reasoning and do provide a justifiable foundation to discredit any design of dissent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At line fifty, Socrates executes these foundations to destroy and make untenable the petition that he may rightfully dissent: Then consider the logical consequence. If we leave this place without first persuading the state to let us go, are we or are we not doing an injury, and doing it in a quarter where it is least justifiable? Are we or are we not abiding by our just agreements?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To criticize or reproach Socrates' decision to accept his punishment is unjustifiable in most of the arguments.

Grammatical aspect Essay

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples: †¢ I saw a movie yesterday. †¢ I didn’t see a play yesterday. †¢ Last year, I traveled to Japan. †¢ Last year, I didn’t travel to Korea. †¢ Did you have dinner last night? †¢ She washed her car. †¢ He didn’t wash his car. USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions [pic] We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples: †¢ I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. †¢ He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. †¢ Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? USE 3 Duration in Past [pic] The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples: †¢ I lived in Brazil for two years. †¢ Shauna studied Japanese for five years. †¢ They sat at the beach all day. †¢ They did not stay at the party the entire time. †¢ We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. †¢ A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour. USE 4 Habits in the Past [pic] The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as â€Å"used to. † To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: †¢ I studied French when I was a child. †¢ He played the violin. †¢ He didn’t play the piano. †¢ Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? †¢ She worked at the movie theater after school. †¢ They never went to school, they always skipped class. USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations [pic] The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression â€Å"used to. † Examples: †¢ She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. †¢ He didn’t like tomatoes before. †¢ Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? †¢ People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First. Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word â€Å"when† such as â€Å"when I dropped my pen†¦ † or â€Å"when class began†¦ † These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses. Examples: †¢ When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. †¢ She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether â€Å"when I paid her one dollar† is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. Example: †¢ I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: †¢ You just called Debbie. †¢ Did you just call Debbie? Past Continuous FORM [was/were + present participle] Examples: †¢ You were studying when she called. †¢ Were you studying when she called? †¢ You were not studying when she called. Complete List of Past Continuous Forms USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past [pic] Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples: †¢ I was watching TV when she called. †¢ When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. †¢ While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. †¢ What were you doing when the earthquake started? †¢ I was listening to my iPod, so I didn’t hear the fire alarm. †¢ You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. †¢ While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. †¢ Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. †¢ While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. †¢ A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding. USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption [pic] In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples: †¢ Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. †¢ At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. †¢ Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. IMPORTANT In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples: †¢ Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I started eating at 6 PM. †¢ Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner. USE 3 Parallel Actions [pic] When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples: †¢ I was studying while he was making dinner. †¢ While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. †¢ Were you listening while he was talking? †¢ I wasn’t paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. †¢ What were you doing while you were waiting? †¢ Thomas wasn’t working, and I wasn’t working either. †¢ They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. USE 4 Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example: †¢ When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service. USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with â€Å"Always† [pic] The Past Continuous with words such as â€Å"always† or â€Å"constantly† expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression â€Å"used to† but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words â€Å"always† or â€Å"constantly† between â€Å"be† and â€Å"verb+ing. † Examples: †¢ She was always coming to class late. †¢ He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. †¢ I didn’t like them because they were always complaining. While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word â€Å"when† such as â€Å"when she called† or â€Å"when it bit me. † Other clauses begin with â€Å"while† such as â€Å"while she was sleeping† and â€Å"while he was surfing. † When you talk about things in the past, â€Å"when† is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas â€Å"while† is usually followed by Past Continuous. â€Å"While† expresses the idea of â€Å"during that time. † Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. Examples: †¢ I was studying when she called. †¢ While I was studying, she called. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past. Examples: †¢ Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct †¢ Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: †¢ You were just studying when she called. †¢ Were you just studying when she called? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: †¢ The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active †¢ The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive Past Perfect FORM [had + past participle] Examples: †¢ You had studied English before you moved to New York. †¢ Had you studied English before you moved to New York? †¢ You had not studied English before you moved to New York. Complete List of Past Perfect Forms USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past [pic] The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: †¢ I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. †¢ I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. †¢ Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. †¢ Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? †¢ She only understood the movie because she had read the book. †¢ Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. †¢ We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. †¢ A: Had you ever visited the U. S. before your trip in 2006? B: Yes, I had been to the U. S. once before. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs) [pic] With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples: †¢ We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. †¢ By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. †¢ They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years. Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words â€Å"live,† â€Å"work,† â€Å"teach,† and â€Å"study† are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect [pic]. Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. Example: †¢ She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. MOREOVER If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when â€Å"before† or â€Å"after† is used in the sentence. The words â€Å"before† and â€Å"after† actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. Examples: †¢ She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. †¢ She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. HOWEVER [pic] If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. Examples: †¢ She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct †¢ She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: †¢ You had previously studied English before you moved to New York. †¢ Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: †¢ George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic’s license. Active †¢ Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic’s license. Passive Past Perfect Continuous FORM [had been + present participle] Examples: †¢ You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. †¢ Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived? †¢ You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past [pic] We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. â€Å"For five minutes† and â€Å"for two weeks† are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. Examples: †¢ They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. †¢ She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. †¢ How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? †¢ Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. †¢ James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. †¢ A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish very long. USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past [pic] Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples: †¢ Jason was tired because he had been jogging. †¢ Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. †¢ Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class. Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous If you do not include a duration such as â€Å"for five minutes,† â€Å"for two weeks† or â€Å"since Friday,† many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference. Examples: †¢ He was tired because he was exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment. †¢ He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect. Examples: †¢ The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct †¢ The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT. The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: †¢ You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived. †¢ Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: †¢ Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant’s fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Active †¢ The restaurant’s fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Passive NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.